Reform success and civic participation: opinions of Ukrainians

The main results

• The most important reforms in view of Ukrainians are lowering corruption, healthcare, judicial, and education reforms. The list of important reforms suggested by respondents is very similar to the one compiled by our researchers prior to the survey.
• People who participate in civic activities are more aware about reforms. People participating in civic councils are more aware of decentralization, those drafting legislation – of judicial reform, and NGO participants are more likely to know about procurement reform and small privatization.
• People who participate in certain civic activities more likely estimate them as effective. In a similar spirit, people who are more aware about reforms are more likely to estimate them as successful (healthcare and small privatization are exceptions, with more awareness implying lower estimates of success of these reforms).
• The most certain predictor of plans to participate in a civic activity is current participation in it. Awareness or estimates of effectiveness do not play a decisive role, while personal characteristics are significant for a small number of activities. Thus, people from poorer households less likely plan to donate, write petitions or participate in activities of government agencies while employed people more likely plan to donate and write petitions. 
• Our results show that often people do not understand what reforms are about (e.g. many name higher salaries or provision of jobs as reforms). Therefore, more refined surveys measuring awareness on reforms and civic activities are advised.

Results: reforms

Figure 1 provides the list of reforms which our respondents named the most important. This “rating” largely coincides with the reforms named by respondents in the open question. Namely, the first four reforms in both lists are identical – anti-corruption, healthcare, judicial system and education.

Fifth place in the closed question and tenth in the open question belongs to the pension reform.

Our respondents did not specify what they imply by pension reform but probably the majority implied an increase in pensions, since quite many respondents provided an increase of salaries or social support as answers to this question. These are not reforms but rather issues important for Ukrainians. In the same spirit, quite many respondents answered to this question that Ukraine needs to win the war or restore peace. As we discuss below, our estimates indeed suggest that people usually list in the open question the areas that are the most problematic in their view.

Our previous research also showed poor understanding of the nature of reforms. This suggests that more explanation on what a reform is and what certain reforms imply is needed. Indeed, as shown in Figure 2, much less people “know” about some reform than “have heard” of it. This is especially true for judicial reform, tax reform and small privatization (these reforms also have the largest number of people who say that they don’t know anything about these reforms). At the same time, the majority of respondents believe that listed reforms are important or rather important (green and light green bars in Figure 2).

The answers about the success of reforms are much less “greener” (Figure 3). The most successful reform in view of Ukrainians is digitalization (61% of those who know about this reform or heard about it think that it is successful or rather successful). Other successful reforms were army reform (41%), decentralization (28%) and public procurement (24%). Judicial reform (9%), small privatization (15%) and tax reform (16%) are considered successful by the lowest shares of respondents.

The majority of respondents believe that corruption is the main obstacle to reform, with the war with Russia in the second place and counteraction of vested interests in the third place (Figure 4). Consequently they expect reduction of corruption as the main reform result (Figure 5).

Factors of reform awareness

Next, we analyse [2] which factors contribute to reform awareness (measured as the share of respondents saying that they know or heard about some reform as opposed to those who never heard about it). We are especially interested in how civic participation impacts reform awareness.

Providing donations, volunteering or signing petitions are three most frequent civic activities (see Figure 6), and being involved into them is associated with higher awareness practically on all of the reforms. This suggests that people who participate in civic activities are generally more involved in politics and thus more aware about the reforms. Some specific civic activities are associated with higher awareness of certain reforms. For example, people participating in civic councils or open meetings of government agencies are more aware of decentralization, those drafting legislation – of the judicial reforms, and those working for NGOs are more likely to know about procurement reform and small privatization.

This result is not surprising since many NGOs in Ukraine act as watchdogs and consider cases when the government buys or sells something; and a person involved with a government agency needs to study relevant legislative issues. 

Employed people are more likely to know about procurement reform, digitalization and tax reform – perhaps because they use the respective services in their job.

Women are more likely to know about both education and healthcare reforms, which is in line with results of our previous research (probably women are more likely to take care of education of children and healthcare for a household). Expectedly, people with higher education and those who have children aged 7-12 are more likely to know about education reform too. Men are more likely to know about anti-corruption and army reforms.

People in cities of over 100 thousand people are more likely to say that they have heard about decentralization reform rather than know about it, which suggests that people from smaller communities or villages are more aware about the decentralization. This is an intuitive result, as well as lower awareness of people in cities about the land market reform: people in smaller and rural communities have a greater chance to have hands-on experience with land market or decentralization.

Views on success of reforms

Next we look at factors that impact a person’s belief that certain reform was successful [3]. First of all we observe that when a person names some reform as important (in the open question) she is less likely to evaluate this reform as successful: this is true for education, healthcare, decentralization, army, and judicial reforms. Perhaps in the open question people list problematic areas.

Another observation is that people who say that they know about some reform (as opposed to those who have heard about it) are more likely to believe that this reform is successful. This holds for all the considered reforms except for healthcare and small privatization, where “knowledge” increases the probability of evaluating this reform as unsuccessful. Note that in reality the healthcare reform was very successful – it changed the incentives of healthcare workers and started to increase efficiency of the Ukrainian healthcare system. However, if a person thinks that the success of healthcare reform is the availability of any healthcare service to anyone immediately, she may indeed be disappointed. This suggests that more refined questions measuring reform awareness should be considered in the surveys (as an example,  CES survey1, survey2). 

Younger people (younger than 35 or 45) are more positive about the majority of reforms and men are more likely to believe that army reform was a success. We could not find any systemic impact of educational attainment on the estimates of reform success. 

People from the poorest category (those who have difficulties buying food) are more likely to believe that education reform was a success and less likely – that healthcare reform and digitalization was a success (they may be left behind by these reforms).

Relation of civic activities and success of reforms is presented in Table 3 (coloured cells present statistically significant results). Table 3 shows that generally people who participated in drafting legislation are more positive about the success of reforms (probably because they have more understanding on how complicated the process is or less inclined to criticize something to which they contributed), while volunteers, those who write petitions and donate are less likely to estimate reforms as successful (one reasons may be that they are partially doing the government job). Small privatization is the reform on which civic activists are more likely to have a defined opinion, and this opinion is mostly positive.

civic activities → reforms ↓	NGOs	volunteering	writing petitions	signing petitions	civic councils	legislation development	enquiries to government agencies	donations
Tax					more	more
Education			less		less
Healthcare
Digitalization			less
Decentralization
AC agencies			less			more
Public procurement					less	more		less
Army		less	less				less	less
Land market		less				more		less
Small privatization	more	less	more			more	more	less
Judicial				less		more

Results: civic engagement

Finally, we consider which factors affect civic engagement of a certain person. Figure 6 shows that today civic engagement is higher than before the full-scale war and is going to somewhat decline after the war. The most popular activities are donations and signing of petitions (perhaps because they are the least time-consuming). Quite a high share of Ukrainians (close to 50%) joined the volunteer movement. Involvement with the government is the least popular. After the war people who are currently involved into civic activities plan to somewhat scale down their activities, however, their share is small (less than 10%). 

Over a half of respondents participate in 2-3 civic activities during the war; about 20% participate in one activity and only a small share are involved in more than four activities. 7% of people did not participate in any of the activities during the war while before the war this share was nearly 76%. This implies that the full-scale invasion stimulated many Ukrainians to join civic activities, and mostly they joined the simples ones such as donating money. 

We observe significant correlations between activities only with respect to “government-related” activities — participation in civic councils, drafting legislation, and writing petitions. 

Figure 7 shows awareness of people about civic activities (as table 2 shows, this question was asked only of people who do not participate in the indicated civic activities). As we see, the lowest awareness is about activities related to interaction with officials – participation in civic oversight and legislation development. Figure 8 in its turn shows that people who participate in certain activities are more likely to say that these activities are effective (probably respondents evaluate usefulness of certain activities when answering this question); and the highest effectiveness is assigned to volunteering and donations – activities in which most people participate. Figure 9 shows that among “non-participants” people who are more aware about certain activities are more inclined to view them as effective.

Next we estimate the probability that a person plans to participate in certain civic activity in the next six months (note that only 18% do not plan to participate in any of the activities) [4]. We want to find out whether current participation, awareness of certain activities (for those who do not currently participate) and belief that certain activities are effective impacts people’s plans to start involvement in certain civic activities. We also look at people’s personal characteristics.

We find that people from poorer households less likely plan to donate, write petitions or participate in activities of government agencies. Employed people more likely plan to donate and write petitions and those who relocated within Ukraine more likely plan to sign petitions compared to those who stayed. Quite expectedly those who already participate in certain activities are more likely to participate in them in the future (Table 4).

current → plan ↓	NGOs	volunteering	writing petitions	signing petitions	councils	legislation development	enquiries	donating
NGOs	+	+
volunteering	+	+
writing petitions						–	+	–
signing petitions				+			+
councils			–		+		+
legislation development			–				+
enquiries		+		+			+
donating				–				+

Note: only significant results are shown. Rows: current participation, columns – planned participation. Green cells show that participation in some activities increases the probability to participate in certain activities in the future, yellow cells show a decrease in this probability. For example, people who are currently volunteers or NGO members are more likely to participate in these activities in the future and people who create petitions are less likely to participate in activities involving officials.

Awareness is either insignificant or decreases the probability of people planning to participate in certain activities, except for participation in law drafting (there, knowing makes people more likely to plan it). The reason may be that people who are currently not involved in certain activities do not plan to be involved, despite being aware of them. The belief that certain activities are effective (when it is significant) makes people more likely to plan to participate. The exception is signing petitions: people who think that this is effective less likely plan to participate in law drafting or sending enquiries to government agencies – probably because they do not want to spend much of their time on it (signing petitions is the least demanding form of civic activity).

Conclusions

The survey showed rather low awareness of people on both reforms and civic activities (perhaps if asked specific questions about the essence of reforms of activities this share would be even lower). Thus, both more effort on informing people and more refined surveys are needed since those who claim higher awareness are usually more positive about the success of reforms and effectiveness of civic activities. Generally Ukrainians believe that reforms are very important, with the highest importance placed on anti-corruption, healthcare and judicial reforms. Civic engagement increased much with the full-scale war and is going to somewhat decline in the future. The most popular civic activities are donating, signing petitions and volunteering. Involvement with the government, such as participation in legislation drafting or civic councils is the least popular. 

Annex

Summary statistics of the sample